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	<title>Crisis Fronts</title>
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		<title>New York City Sea Level Rise Preparedness</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5820</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5820#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Sep 2012 12:04:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Michael Chen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[New York City]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5820</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Times reports on lagging measures and levels of preparedness relating to sea level rise and storm surge risk in New York City and in particular, areas like the South Bronx and parts of Brooklyn where the city&#8217;s industrial waterfront is especially at risk. Amazingly, New York City is second only to New Orleans in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.crisisfronts.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Barrier.png"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-5821" title="Barrier" src="http://www.crisisfronts.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Barrier-300x193.png" alt="" width="300" height="193" /></a><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/nyregion/new-york-faces-rising-seas-and-slow-city-action.html?_r=1&amp;hp" target="_blank">The Times reports on lagging measures and levels of preparedness relating to sea level rise and storm surge risk in New York City</a> and in particular, areas like the South Bronx and parts of Brooklyn where the city&#8217;s industrial waterfront is especially at risk. Amazingly, New York City is second only to New Orleans in the U.S. for the city with the most number of people living within four feet of sea level.</p>
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		<title>Revisiting the Tower in the Park</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5814</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5814#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Sep 2012 22:29:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Michael Chen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aging]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Modernism]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5814</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Those wonky kids at Interboro are developing research on NORCs or Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities into a book on the design of cities for aging populations. Among the interesting findings: As it turns out, the oft-maligned tower in the park/superblock model so commonly associated with the shortcomings of Corbusian planning and the alienating dimensions of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-5815" title="Penn-South" src="http://www.crisisfronts.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Penn-South-300x199.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="199" />Those wonky kids at <a href="http://www.interboropartners.net" target="_blank">Interboro</a> are developing research on NORCs or Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities into a book on the design of cities for aging populations. Among the interesting findings: As it turns out, the oft-maligned tower in the park/superblock model so commonly associated with the shortcomings of Corbusian planning and the alienating dimensions of Modernism have frequently evolved into places where the social fabric of the city is preserved and enhanced for that aging population. Far from being spaces of isolation, these complexes seem to be incredibly effective at maintaining and strengthening social ties for a demographic will represent about one-fifth of  the U.S. population by 2020.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.dwell.com/articles/Modernism-20-A-Tower-in-the-Park-Even-Jane-Jacobs-Could-Love.html" target="_blank">More at Dwell.</a></p>
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		<title>World’s Largest Ultraviolet Water-Cleaning Plant Coming to NY</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5809</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5809#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Sep 2012 22:11:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Michael Chen</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[water]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5809</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[New York is set to open the world’s largest ultraviolet (UV) drinking water disinfection plant in two months in order to rid the city’s drinking water of cryptosporidium, giardia and other harmful pathogens. The Catskill–Delaware Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility will be equipped with 56 massive UV units which will be used to kill waterborne pathogens in water from the city’s major sources – the Delaware [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-5810" title="Catskill-watershed-537x358" src="http://www.crisisfronts.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Catskill-watershed-537x358-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" /></p>
<p><a href="http://inhabitat.com/nyc/about/" data-ls-destination_uri_publisher="http://inhabitat.com/nyc/about/" data-ls-existing="true" data-ls-internal="true" data-ls-name="new york " data-ls-sequence_code="-1" data-ls-site_keyword_uuid="8020cd32-d0e6-4697-87cc-aa808c9403c9" data-ls-xpath="//*[@class=&quot;post-listing&quot;]/div[3]/p[2]/a[1]" data-ls-impression_id="fc11c29a-faca-11e1-88af-4040c3c0a401" data-ls-keyword_sequence_id="7f3392c1-737f-4fcc-9d03-518467cf7754">New York </a>is set to open the <a href="http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/1575-world-s-biggest-ultraviolet-water-cleaning-plant-to-open.html" data-ls-destination_uri_publisher="http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/1575-world-s-biggest-ultraviolet-water-cleaning-plant-to-open.html" data-ls-existing="true" data-ls-internal="false" data-ls-name="world’s largest ultraviolet (uv) drinking water disinfection plant" data-ls-sequence_code="-1" data-ls-site_keyword_uuid="d6c533a0-da25-4c6d-a6e8-c4bf589c4093" data-ls-xpath="//*[@class=&quot;post-listing&quot;]/div[3]/p[2]/a[2]" data-ls-impression_id="fc11c29a-faca-11e1-88af-4040c3c0a401" data-ls-keyword_sequence_id="7f3392c1-737f-4fcc-9d03-518467cf7754">world’s largest ultraviolet (UV) drinking water disinfection plant </a>in two months in order to rid the city’s drinking water of cryptosporidium, giardia and other harmful pathogens. The<a href="http://www.trojanuv.com/uvresources/municipal-drinking-water-multi-barrier-disinfection-strategy-new-york-city-case-study-403" data-ls-destination_uri_publisher="http://www.trojanuv.com/uvresources/municipal-drinking-water-multi-barrier-disinfection-strategy-new-york-city-case-study-403" data-ls-existing="true" data-ls-internal="false" data-ls-name=" catskill–delaware ultraviolet disinfection facility" data-ls-sequence_code="-1" data-ls-site_keyword_uuid="5eea3fff-4d7c-4898-9d36-687cadf904df" data-ls-xpath="//*[@class=&quot;post-listing&quot;]/div[3]/p[2]/a[3]" data-ls-impression_id="fc11c29a-faca-11e1-88af-4040c3c0a401" data-ls-keyword_sequence_id="7f3392c1-737f-4fcc-9d03-518467cf7754"> Catskill–Delaware Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility</a> will be equipped with <a href="http://www.trojanuv.com/uvresources/municipal-drinking-water-multi-barrier-disinfection-strategy-new-york-city-case-study-403" data-ls-destination_uri_publisher="http://www.trojanuv.com/uvresources/municipal-drinking-water-multi-barrier-disinfection-strategy-new-york-city-case-study-403" data-ls-existing="true" data-ls-internal="false" data-ls-name="56 massive uv units" data-ls-sequence_code="-1" data-ls-site_keyword_uuid="601cea85-c5b3-46f8-a0eb-bed8795a5da5" data-ls-xpath="//*[@class=&quot;post-listing&quot;]/div[3]/p[2]/a[4]" data-ls-impression_id="fc11c29a-faca-11e1-88af-4040c3c0a401" data-ls-keyword_sequence_id="7f3392c1-737f-4fcc-9d03-518467cf7754">56 massive UV units</a> which will be used to kill waterborne pathogens in water from the city’s major sources – the <a href="http://www.nycwatershed.org/aw_watersheds.html" data-ls-destination_uri_publisher="http://www.nycwatershed.org/aw_watersheds.html" data-ls-existing="true" data-ls-internal="false" data-ls-name="delaware county and catskill watersheds" data-ls-sequence_code="-1" data-ls-site_keyword_uuid="f0ca21a4-f473-4a6a-9631-b73f61b8179a" data-ls-xpath="//*[@class=&quot;post-listing&quot;]/div[3]/p[2]/a[5]" data-ls-impression_id="fc11c29a-faca-11e1-88af-4040c3c0a401" data-ls-keyword_sequence_id="7f3392c1-737f-4fcc-9d03-518467cf7754">Delaware County and Catskill watersheds</a>. When it is activated in two months, the plant will process up to nine billion liters of H2O daily.</p>
<p>Read more: <a href="http://inhabitat.com/nyc/worlds-largest-ultraviolet-water-cleaning-plant-coming-to-ny/#ixzz260s5bof4">NYC To Open World&#8217;s Biggest Ultraviolet Water-Cleaning Plant | Inhabitat New York City</a></p>
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		<title>Research: De-Objectified Unification</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5781</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5781#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Nov 2011 21:51:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Caitlin Kunzle</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5781</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Emergent systems within social, cultural, and/or political contexts evolve from limited sets of parameters that are unique to their agency and conditions.  This limited scope of information drives and demarcates their rates of growth, their rates of degradation, their functions and their shifting morphologies.  However limited and isolated, many of these systems are capable of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Emergent systems within social, cultural, and/or political contexts evolve from limited sets of parameters that are unique to their agency and conditions.  This limited scope of information drives and demarcates their rates of growth, their rates of degradation, their functions and their shifting morphologies.  However limited and isolated, many of these systems are capable of achieving a high degree of complexity while retaining their independence.  The existence of these systems, regardless of typology, complexity or proximity, can also be limited by their mutual isolation.  This lack of integration may serve to sustain individual systems within their specific levels of agency and performance but may also serve to restrict their mutual enhancement via the integration of multiple systems and the perceptions they evoke.  By proposing the development and deployment of a robust network of data collecting sensors and applying specific filters to the information that they create, we propose the emergence of heightened collective awareness of the pressures acting on Newark that would otherwise go undetected &#8211; pressures that when disseminated collectively, play an active roll in the social, cultural and political context of Newark.  Thus, the effects of these individual systems can be interwoven to create a responsive fabric of information.</p>
<p>Predicated on increasingly specific information, contemporary culture continues to perceptually reinvent itself through novel integration, expression and representation of information.  The perceptual degree to which it actually is changing has been, in large part, become simultaneously empowering and deceptively exploited. There are extensive and growing numbers of resources that are designed to track all conditions acting on a ‘site’ – site being topological, physiological or psychological.  Simply put the ambitions behind tracking all of these ‘conditions’ [orbiting] can vary from concern for public safety and security to, conversely, concern for the safety and security of economic and political interests [orbited].  Although the development and deployment of tracking technology is also controlled by these ambitions, the empowerment they provide also operate under varying levels of agency and transparency.</p>

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		<title>Research: AGENT-SEE</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5776</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5776#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2011 18:53:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dexter Walcott</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5776</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tracing is a method of knowing. More than the fact of knowledge, it describes the path taken to reveal the known. Meaning resides in the path, not the origin. There is evidence—stuff that exists. The stuff exists, but it doesn&#8217;t matter to anyone, except perhaps to the thing that created it. And in that case, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><strong>Tracing</strong> is a method of knowing. More than the fact of knowledge, it describes the path taken to reveal the known. Meaning resides in the path, not the origin.</p>
<p>There is <strong>evidence</strong>—stuff that exists. The stuff exists, but it doesn&#8217;t matter to anyone, except perhaps to the thing that created it. And in that case, it has only a singular meaning for that individual.</p>
<p>The original creator of the evidence does not matter. What matters is the meaning given to the evidence (and, perhaps, by extension its creator) through observation and subsequent reconstruction by the detective. The evidence only has meaning to the detective once it is traced by him. The act of tracing, or constructing meaning, transubstantiates the evidence into <strong>trace</strong>.</p>
<p>Tracing is a process of discovery. The revelation of meaning through observation and construction exists in the process; it does not inhere in the evidence. The tools that the detective uses for tracing—the decoding machine, translation device, the scope—shapes the meaning. So does the mind or hand that wields it. The observer is not passive behind the scope; his eye is inseparable from it, fused in the relation of tool and mind.</p></div>
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		<title>Newark Rising</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5752</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5752#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 02:11:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rafael Roldan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5752</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Newark's present problems are vast and far beyond repair by any conventional method. Newark began as a thriving industrial city in the early 1900s, however, most of its employers left the city decades ago. After years of political and social dysfunction, more than a quarter of its residents live below the poverty line. Newark used [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<pre><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; white-space: normal;">Newark's present problems are vast and far beyond repair by any conventional method. Newark began as a thriving industrial city in the early 1900s, however, most of its employers left the city decades ago. After years of political and social dysfunction, more than a quarter of its residents live below the poverty line. Newark used to be a thriving manufacturing center, and at its peak, around World War II it was a city of 450,000. In 1967 Newark was the scene of various riots that resulted in deaths and millions of dollars in damages. This led to the title of America’s “worst city” and by then its population had decreased to 280,000. Corruption, crime and unemployment have been a persistent problem in Newark: 5 of the last 7 mayors have faced criminal charges, in 2008 Newark's unemployment rate reached 14.3 percent the highest since 1994, and while there have been efforts to reduce crime in Newark, it continues to be well above the state and national averages.</span></pre>
<p>Newark&#8217;s proximity to the sea and the Passaic river basin has resulted in repeated flooding due to river overflows and heavy storms. Annual expected damages in the basin due to flooding are over $161,000,000 and there have been 10 federal disaster declarations in the last 42 years. Since 1900, 26 lives have been lost, $6 billion dollars in damages and if a flood equivalent to the one in1903 was to happen again it would result in over $2,240,000,000 in damages.</p>
<p>Sea level rise is a reality that is and will continue to impact Newark’s coastline.   Recent studies of sea level rise along the New Jersey coast show a rise of 3 to 4 mm/yr, however this number is predicted to double in the near future and continue to rise due to global warming. In addition to its location, the engineered nature of a large area of Newark&#8217;s land has become a cause of concern considering the hazards posed by sea level rise and severe coastal storms.</p>
<p>Increasingly it is being recognized that engineered shoreline stabilization is economically inefficient  and ultimately only a short term solution.  Instead, flexible adaptation strategies that recognize and plan for the dynamic nature of coastlines should be promoted.</p>
<p>Can Newark&#8217;s imminent  flooding and sea level rise be turned into a controlled system that redefines Newark&#8217;s geography and becomes the framework from which a restructured and rehabilitated city will emerge?<br />
Newark&#8217;s continuing rise in water, will ultimately affect how people move, how they interact and how they communicate. This will result in a general restructuring of the city and its communities. Through specific and controlled interventions the city&#8217;s geography can be modified to suit a landscape with rising water levels while simultaneously reshaping Newark&#8217;s urban fabric.</p>
<p>The creation of a controlled and interconnected system of bodies of water throughout specific areas (those most in need of restructuring due to high crime rates, high number of vacant lots, and lack of open space and education) will give Newark the opportunity to evolve and gradually restructure itself as the water level rises. This will not only provide a preventive system for water level rise, it will also provide the opportunity for a new beginning where the city becomes a living memory of what it once was, and of what it now is.</p>

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		<title>Research: Subverted Infrastructures</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5744</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5744#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 00:00:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Lorena Skornicki</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5744</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[At a local scale, a factory worker is defined by the monotony of their operations; however these seemingly banal actions have a direct and drastic impact on a global scale. Although an exceeding amount of trained workers in Newark exist, stagnancy threatens the rapidly growing demand for local and global exchange due to the port’s [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>At a local scale, a factory worker is defined by the monotony of their operations; however these seemingly banal actions have a direct and drastic impact on a global scale. Although an exceeding amount of trained workers in Newark exist, stagnancy threatens the rapidly growing demand for local and global exchange due to the port’s drastic contamination and inefficient freight infrastructure. These two major social and economic hindrances must be realigned in order to avoid a collapse of the local system.</p>
<p>Drawing upon Debord’s theory of detournement to subvert convention, a new significance can arise for the city. The proposed new industries would heavily draw upon old methods to incorporate global efficiency, however contextually they would act and appear very different. By redefining the purpose, scale and location of the distribution centers, improved social values would be established for the Newark’s citizens.</p>
<p>To remedy the crisis of isolated and inefficient distribution, a seamless infrastructural network would need to optimize the areas transportation system creating a link between local and industrial zones, while supporting spaces for new distribution centers to be conceived. This redefinition would enable the worker to realize their skill potential in a way that provides tangible improvements to the city in the realm of their trade. The proposed factory network would be made possible by remediation of the polluted media. The acting prototype would monitor vapor and detect the given parameters, finally to respond by remediation. This would ultimately clean the land in order to enable utilization and allow for growth.</p>

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		<title>Incubator of Coexistence_Research Midterm</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5751</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5751#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Nov 2011 02:56:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alan Chan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ACICOS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[canal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coexistence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fall 2011]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incubator]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[midterm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newark]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pratt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sewage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[water]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5751</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Newark, New Jersey is among one of the most significant industrious cities along the North East, due to its location, trade and transport capabilities. It is these capabilities which hinder Newark from progressing forward. Industrial expansion and overdevelopment have turned Newark into an impermeable landscape. The in-proportional ratio of hardscape to softscape has effectively limited [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Newark, New Jersey is among one of the most significant industrious cities along the North East, due to its location, trade and transport capabilities. It is these capabilities which hinder Newark from progressing forward. Industrial expansion and overdevelopment have turned Newark into an impermeable landscape. The in-proportional ratio of hardscape to softscape has effectively limited the growth of the city and has in turn affected the city’s vitality and its ability to recover from self inflicted issues. Among the issues plaguing Newark are groundwater runoff and the high risk of transmission of the Passaic River.</div>
<div>Due to population growth the demand for water has intensified. Newark’s drinkable water supply, like many other major cities, is supplied from reservoirs at significant distances usually in remote locations. Sometimes in an effort to alleviate the growing populations demand for water in major urban centers, reservoirs have had to be created artificially. It is during this process that reservoirs have induced the destruction of other communities in order to accumulate the necessary space. Destroying indigenous communities should not have to be the answer to such a problem. Thus, we are introducing a repository system with the ability to coexist with the city it serves. The repository instead of being displaced from the zone of service, would in turn occupy the undesirable sites within the city domain. The site would include but is not limited to the underground sewer system but also produce a network that would encompass different levels of the city. More specifically, the underground system, the street system, and the sky system would be manipulated to serve as the program. The repository system would encompass the capability to collect water autonomously and redistribute it for a multitude of uses, whether that is providing drinking water or hydroelectric power to the city. Harvesting both the forces of water and gravity the repository system has the ability to generate electricity and reduce the city’s dependence on the grid.</div>
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<div> <iframe style="background:#000000;" src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/31767535?title=1&amp;byline=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;color=00adef&amp;autoplay=0&amp;loop=0" width="400" height="300" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>
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		<title>Research: Urban Weeding</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5730</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5730#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Nov 2011 17:46:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Elena Hasbun</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5730</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A weed is a plant out of place. These plants may be unsightly and suggest a lack of care and potential danger. Vacant lots are urban weeds, appearing and remaining as a symptom of environmental degradation. We are proposing to use what we have learned from weeds to develop temporary architecture for vacant lots that [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>A weed is a plant out of place. These plants may be unsightly and suggest a lack of care and potential danger. Vacant lots are urban weeds, appearing and remaining as a symptom of environmental degradation. We are proposing to use what we have learned from weeds to develop temporary architecture for vacant lots that both embraces strengths of weeds and creates a place for the native spontaneous plants of Newark. Using the opportunistic nature of weeds, this architecture can seek vacant lots as they appear in the city and spread through them creating surfaces for the growth of spontaneous plants in a way that doesn’t degrade the urban environment. By making vacant lots useful during their vacancy, they will no longer be urban weeds. The spontaneous plants themselves, out of the way and providing environmental services to the city will also no longer be weeds.</div>
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		<title>Research: Fusion Dwelling</title>
		<link>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5726</link>
		<comments>http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5726#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Nov 2011 15:11:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Michelle Frantellizzi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.crisisfronts.org/?p=5726</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Barren lots and abandoned buildings are inherent to city infrastructures; it is vital in such a space starved world to better utilize them to reflect the needs and wants of their surrounding communities. They must transition from secondary problems to primary functions. This can be done in Newark by exploiting the underutilized spaces for their [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Barren lots and abandoned buildings are inherent to city infrastructures; it is vital in such a space starved world to better utilize them to reflect the needs and wants of their surrounding communities. They must transition from secondary problems to primary functions. This can be done in Newark by exploiting the underutilized spaces for their positive attributes. They lend themselves to the implementation of hybrid program systems formulated through the study of a set of model systems. Once the model for a new system in programmatic insertion is established, it will be able to proliferate throughout the city. The fact that these spaces exist throughout the city means that the intervention is able to serve larger areas of need as opposed to isolated sites. Through our study of displacement and vacancy we are interested in establishing new forms of dwelling and recreational spaces that will be more successful than the models currently in place in Newark.</p>

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